{
    "cells": [
        {
            "cell_type": "markdown",
            "id": "238af8b7",
            "metadata": {},
            "source": [
                "# Python Basics - 12. Advanced OOP Essentials\n",
                "\n",
                "This notebook expands OOP topics with `@property`, class methods, static methods, and data classes. These patterns are widely used in production Python code."
            ]
        },
        {
            "cell_type": "markdown",
            "id": "878e274a",
            "metadata": {
                "language": "markdown"
            },
            "source": [
                "## Download Notebook\n",
                "\n",
                "{download}`Download this notebook <12_advanced_oop.ipynb>`\n"
            ]
        },
        {
            "cell_type": "markdown",
            "id": "4dfc91d7",
            "metadata": {},
            "source": [
                "## 1. `@property` for Controlled Attributes\n",
                "\n",
                "`@property` lets you expose method logic as if it were an attribute, helping enforce validation rules."
            ]
        },
        {
            "cell_type": "code",
            "execution_count": null,
            "id": "b7435520",
            "metadata": {},
            "outputs": [],
            "source": [
                "class Circle:\n",
                "    def __init__(self, radius):\n",
                "        self.radius = radius\n",
                "\n",
                "    @property\n",
                "    def radius(self):\n",
                "        return self._radius\n",
                "\n",
                "    @radius.setter\n",
                "    def radius(self, value):\n",
                "        if value <= 0:\n",
                "            raise ValueError(\"Radius must be positive\")\n",
                "        self._radius = value\n",
                "\n",
                "    @property\n",
                "    def area(self):\n",
                "        return 3.14159 * self.radius ** 2\n",
                "\n",
                "c = Circle(3)\n",
                "print(c.radius, c.area)"
            ]
        },
        {
            "cell_type": "markdown",
            "id": "07c49ce3",
            "metadata": {},
            "source": [
                "## 2. Class Methods vs Static Methods\n",
                "\n",
                "- `@classmethod` receives `cls`, often used as alternative constructors.\n",
                "- `@staticmethod` does not receive `self` or `cls`; it's a utility function logically grouped inside a class."
            ]
        },
        {
            "cell_type": "code",
            "execution_count": null,
            "id": "ab44826a",
            "metadata": {},
            "outputs": [],
            "source": [
                "class Temperature:\n",
                "    def __init__(self, celsius):\n",
                "        self.celsius = celsius\n",
                "\n",
                "    @classmethod\n",
                "    def from_fahrenheit(cls, fahrenheit):\n",
                "        return cls((fahrenheit - 32) * 5 / 9)\n",
                "\n",
                "    @staticmethod\n",
                "    def is_freezing(celsius):\n",
                "        return celsius <= 0\n",
                "\n",
                "t = Temperature.from_fahrenheit(68)\n",
                "print(t.celsius)\n",
                "print(Temperature.is_freezing(t.celsius))"
            ]
        },
        {
            "cell_type": "markdown",
            "id": "33b56681",
            "metadata": {},
            "source": [
                "## 3. Data Classes\n",
                "\n",
                "`dataclasses` reduce boilerplate by auto-generating `__init__`, `__repr__`, and comparisons for data containers."
            ]
        },
        {
            "cell_type": "code",
            "execution_count": null,
            "id": "bfbb5f08",
            "metadata": {},
            "outputs": [],
            "source": [
                "from dataclasses import dataclass\n",
                "\n",
                "@dataclass\n",
                "class Student:\n",
                "    name: str\n",
                "    score: float\n",
                "\n",
                "alice = Student(\"Alice\", 95.5)\n",
                "bob = Student(\"Bob\", 88.0)\n",
                "print(alice)\n",
                "print(alice.score > bob.score)"
            ]
        }
    ],
    "metadata": {
        "language_info": {
            "name": "python"
        }
    },
    "nbformat": 4,
    "nbformat_minor": 5
}